Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under di erent conditions. The e ects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant e ect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little e ects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less a ected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

相转移法环氧氯丙烷装置蒸馏釜燃爆事故分析

针对相转移法环氧氯丙烷装置蒸馏釜燃爆事故,采用故障树分析方法,以蒸馏釜燃爆作为顶上事件进行分析。在进行故障树最小割集分析与基本事件重要度分析的基础上,根据3种不同燃爆事故类型分别提出了相应的蒸馏釜燃爆事故预防措施。     

Effect of non-solvent additives on the morphology, pore structure, and direct contact membrane distillation performance of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes

Four common types of additives for polymer membrane preparation including organic macromolecule and micromolecule additives, inorganic salts and acids, and the strong non-solvent H2 O were used to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PVDF-CTFE) hydrophobic flat-sheet membranes. Membrane properties including morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore distribution were investigated, and the permeability was evaluated via direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) of 3.5 g/L Na Cl solution in a DCMD configuration. Both inorganic and organic micromolecule additives were found to slightly influence membrane hydrophobicity. Polyethylene glycol(PEG),organic acids, Li Cl, Mg Cl2, and Li Cl/H2 O mixtures were proved to be effective additives to PVDF-CTFE membranes due to their pore-controlling effects and the capacity to improve the properties and performance of the resultant membranes. The occurrence of a pre-gelation process showed that when organic and inorganic micromolecules were added to PVDF-CTFE solution, the resultant membranes presented a high interconnectivity structure. The membrane prepared with dibutyl phthalate(DBP) showed a nonporous surface and symmetrical cross-section. When H2 O and Li Cl/H2 O mixtures were also used as additives, they were beneficial for solid–liquid demixing, especially when Li Cl/H2 O mixed additives were used. The membrane prepared with 5% Li Cl + 2% H2 O achieved a flux of24.53 kg/(m2·hr) with 99.98% salt rejection. This study is expected to offer a reference not only for PVDF-CTFE membrane preparation but also for other polymer membranes.     

离心旋流式喷嘴雾化特性实验研究

目的进一步优化低温多效蒸馏技术中的喷淋布液方式,提高海水淡化换热效率。方法采用马尔文激光粒度分析仪、高速摄像机和翻转水量仪对不同口径的CJ-9型离心旋流式喷嘴进行研究。结果同一口径的喷嘴,随着水流压力的增加,液滴粒径分布的均匀性显著提高。随着水压的增加,同一个喷嘴液体破碎的纹路变密,同时液膜破碎的长度变短,破碎效果越好,雾化性能越好。同一口径的喷嘴,入口压力越大,其边缘流峰值越高,空心化率现象越明显。同一压力下不同口径的喷嘴,口径越大,其形成双波峰的跨度越短;同一口径的喷嘴,入口压力越大,其形成双波峰的跨度越长,其边缘流峰值越高。结论液滴粒径分布的均匀性随着水压的增加或孔径的减小而显著提高,喷淋密度在直径方向上存在两个峰值,运用"峰谷叠加"原理,来满足低温多效蒸发器布液均匀的整体要求。     

酚焦油资源化技术研究(Ⅰ)--先初馏再催化裂解

开发出一种将酚焦油先初馏再催化裂解的回收处理新工艺及LZ—1型催化剂。在初馏温度为340—360℃、真空度为0．07—0．09MPa的条件下，初馏液体产品的平均收率为86．67％；在催化裂解温度为320—340℃，LZ—1型催化剂的加入比为2．5％—3．0％、裂解时间为3—4h的条件下，催化裂解产物的平均收率为90．96％。     

直升机蒸气循环制冷系统技术现状与展望

笔者主要从舱内环境控制方面 ,分析了高温对直升机飞行安全的影响 ,指出了直升机安装制冷系统的必要性 ,同时对国外现役直升机采用的两种制冷系统即蒸气循环制冷系统与空气循环制冷系统进行了性能对比。在此基础上 ,提出我国发展直升机制冷系统的主推方案是蒸气循环制冷系统 ,并对我国进行直升机蒸气循环制冷系统研究的技术关键和发展方向给予展望 ,为我国开展此领域的科学研究和技术创新提供一定的技术储备。     

真空蒸馏回收镍镉电池中镉金属工艺优化模型研究

利用正交试验的方法对真空蒸馏回收镍镉电池进行工艺研究。通过分析温度、压力、蒸馏时间、打孔数目4个因素对镉金属回收比重的影响,确定了真空蒸馏回收镍镉电池中镉金属的最佳试验条件为温度950℃,压力133Pa,蒸馏12h,打孔4个。并在此基础上建立模型对镉金属回收量进行估算,为镍镉电池回收的中试试验奠定了基础。     

注汽锅炉自控仪表的升级改造

本文对20多台注汽锅炉及辅助设备运行和自动化仪表存在的问题进行了全面系统分析,针对存在的问题,结合生产实际,提出了自控仪表进行升级改造与优化管理的方案,以保证注汽锅炉的正常平稳运行。     

微塑料对膜蒸馏处理含锑高盐废水性能影响研究

研究了微塑料在膜蒸馏过程中不同温度、pH、微塑料浓度和微塑料粒径条件下对含锑高盐废水的处理性能及机理.结果表明,随着进料液温度的升高,饱和蒸汽压的增加提高了传质动力,不含微塑料时膜通量由17.4 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至20.7 L·m^-2·h^-1,通量提升了18.9%,含有微塑料时膜通量由15.6 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至18.5 L·m^-2·h^-1,提升了18.6%;pH由3增大至11时,由于重金属锑在不同pH条件下的价态变化及静电排斥作用,重金属锑截留率由98.2%提升至99.6%;微塑料浓度的增加会降低膜通量,提高锑截留效果,这可能是微塑料对溶液中重金属锑的吸附作用及微塑料在膜表面的积聚产生的筛分效应引起的.     

Fabrication of PVDF nanofibrous hydrophobic composite membranes reinforced with fabric substrates via electrospinning for membrane distillation desalination

To improve the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous membrane, the nonwoven fabrics and spacer fabrics were employed as support substrates to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) nanofibrous composite membranes. The influences of the substrate on membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore size distribution,porosity, mechanical strength and permeability were comprehensive evaluated. The electrospun composite membranes had a three dimension bead-fiber interconnected open structure and a rough membrane surface. The membrane surface presented a multilevel re-entrant structure and all the water contact angles were above 140°. In contrast with the pure PVDF nanofibrous membrane, the stress at break and the elastic modulus of the composite membranes increased by 4.5–16 times and 17.5–37 times, respectively. Since the spacer fabrics had less resistance to mass transfer, the membranes composited with spacer fabrics exhibited greater permeate fluxes compared with the composite membranes with the nonwoven fabrics as substrates.During the membrane distillation test, the highest permeate flux was up to 49.3 kg/m~2/hr at the feed temperature of 80°C. The long-time and repeat operation of membrane distillation desalination indicated the fabricated membrane with a good resistance to scaling and wetting.The results suggested the potential of the electrospun composite membrane for membrane distillation application.